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AVTM22P-1 Revision B November 2002 The Lowdown On High-Voltage DC Testing RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 ContentsFind Rev. B November 2002 Copyright 2002 by Megger. All rights reserved. The information presented in this manual is believed to be adequate for the intended use of the product. If the product or its individual instruments are used for purposes other than those specified herein, confirmation of their validity and suitability must be obtained from Megger. Specifications are subject to change without notice. WARRANTY Products supplied by Megger are warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year following shipment. Our liability is specifically limited to replacing or repairing, at our option, defective equipment. Equipment returned to the factory for repair must be shipped prepaid and insured. This warranty does not include batteries, lamps or similar items, where the original manufacturer s warranty shall apply. We make no other warranty. The warranty is void in the event of abuse (failure to follow recommended operating procedures) or failure by the customer to perform specific maintenance Megger Valley Forge Corporate Center P.O. Box 9007 Valley Forge, PA 19485-1007 610-676-8500 (Telephone) 610-676-8610 (Fax) RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 ContentsFind Rev. B November 2002 i 1 GIVING YOU THE LOWDOWN.1-1 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-VOLTAGE TESTING.2-1 High-Voltage DC Testing versus Medium-Voltage Testing.2-2 Ohms Law and Insulation Resistance.2-4 Time-Dependent Currents and Current Changes in Insulation Testing .2-5 Capacitance of the UUT.2-8 Low Capacitance.2-8 High Capacitance.2-8 What To Do When The Capacitance Is Not Known .2-8 Which Test Should I Use?.2-10 The Proof Test.2-10 The Insulation Resistance Test.2-10 The Polarization Index Test .2-11 The Step-Voltage Test.2-11 Testing Three-Phase Apparatus.2-12 Test Set Metering .2-13 When Should Insulation be Tested?.2-14 3 PREPARING FOR THE TEST.3-1 Safety Procedures.3-2 Preplanning the Test.3-4 Length of Time and Number of Steps for Test Voltages .3-7 The Proof Test.3-7 The Insulation Resistance Test.3-8 Polarization Index Test .3-8 The Step-Voltage Test.3-8 Preparing the UUT.3-9 Checking the High-Voltage Test Set.3-11 Connecting a Guard Terminal .3-12 “Cold” Guard Connections.3-12 “Hot” Guard Connections .3-12 Connecting the High-Voltage Test Set to the UUT.3-13 Understanding the Effects of Line Transient Surges (Noise).3-15 4 THE PROOF TEST.4-1 How to Perform the Proof Test .4-2 Post Test Procedures.4-4 RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 ContentsFind ii Rev. B November 2002 Interpreting the Results.4-7 If Flashover Occurred Externally: .4-7 If the Flashover Occurred Internally:.4-8 5 THE INSULATION RESISTANCE TEST.5-1 How to Perform the Insulation Resistance Test .5-2 Post-Test Procedures.5-5 Correcting the Measurement to Allow for Temperature Variations.5-7 Using Ohms Law to Calculate Resistance Measurement .5-8 Interpreting the Data.5-8 What do we Mean When we Say the Insulation Resistance Reading is High or Low?.5-8 Action Needed If Insulation Resistance Is Low.5-10 Maintaining Records.5-10 6 THE POLARIZATION INDEX TEST.6-1 How to Perform the Polarization Index Test.6-3 Post-Test Procedures.6-5 Interpreting the Data.6-7 What is a Good Polarization Index?.6-7 Action Needed if Polarization Index Values are Unsatisfactory .6-9 7 THE STEP-VOLTAGE TEST .7-1 Using the Step-Voltage Test to Establish a Record.7-2 How to Perform the Step-Voltage Test.7-3 Post Test Procedures.7-7 Interpreting the Data.7-9 8 APPENDIX A Establishing Temperature Coefficients.8-1 9 APPENDIX B Documenting Your Results.9-1 10 APPENDIX C - Corona.10-1 11 APPENDIX D - References.11-1 12 APPENDIX E Testing Extruded Dielectric Cables .12-1 ContentsFind Rev. B November 2002 1-1 1 GIVING YOU THE LOWDOWN In bringing you the lowdown on dc high-voltage insulation testing, we are not attempting to replace the equipment manuals supplied by manufacturers of high- voltage insulation test sets. Our purpose is to provide you with additional useful information about testing procedures that you can use to supplement your instruction manuals. We begin in Section 2 by discussing the underlying principles on which insulation testing is based. This basic information should help you choose the most appropriate test for your needs. Pre-test procedures are the same for each test method. To avoid unnecessary repetition, we have provided these instructions separately in Section 3, Preparing for the Test. When you perform any of the tests, you are asked first to refer to Section 3. ContentsFind 1-2 Rev. B November 2002 For ease of use, The Lowdown on High-Voltage Testing contains step-by-step instructions on the following four test methods: ? Proof Test ? Insulation Resistance Test ? Polarization Index Test ? Step Voltage Test Although we give you the lowdown on how to perform tests, no one can give you general rules for the interpretation of the resultsmeaning varies with different types of apparatus. The test data gives you clues to which you must add other information, such as: ? Previous history of the apparatus ? Results of careful visual inspection ? Comparison with other similar apparatus ? Manufacturers recommendations ? Other specifications that may be relevant, (see Appendix D). In difficult cases you may need to consult the manufacturer of the equipment under test or a consulting engineer. In most cases, however, the correct course of action becomes obvious after consideration of all the evidence. The courses of action open to you are usually as follows: ? Return the apparatus to service until the next routine maintenance and test. ? Return the apparatus to service but perform repairs or replacement as soon as convenient. ContentsFind GIVING YOU THE LOWDOWN Rev. B November 2002 1-3 ? Repair and/or clean and dry the apparatus and retest. ? Replace the apparatus. We hope this manual gives you the lowdown on the testing techniques you are most likely to require. Nevertheless, an almost unlimited amount of additional information on high-voltage testing is available to you. We have provided a reference list of sources in Appendix D. Megger will be pleased to discuss your requirements for dc high-voltage testing equipment, including test power supplies and partial discharge measurements. In addition to dc high-voltage test equipment, Megger has specialized in all forms of insulation testing for many years, going back in some cases to the early days of the twentieth century. We are the supplier of the famous Megger Insulation Testers for dc insulation testing. We can also supply equipment for ac high-voltage testing, including test power supplies and power factor and partial discharge measuring systems. ContentsFind 1-4 Rev. B November 2002 ContentsFind Rev. B November 2002 2-1 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-VOLTAGE TESTING The information in this section will help you to decide: ? When to use a direct current high-voltage rather than a medium-voltage test. ? Which of four direct current high-voltage tests is appropriate for your equipment. To help you make informed decisions, we include the following information: ? A definition of Ohms Law, the underlying principle on which all insulation resistance measurements are made. ? An explanation of the complex currents that flow when a dc test voltage is applied to the equipment under test. ContentsFind 2-2 Rev. B November 2002 ? Test methods for high capacitance equipment. ? Test methods for low capacitance equipment. ? Testing three-phase apparatus. ? Types of test set metering. ? When to test insulation. High-Voltage DC Testing versus Medium- Voltage Testing There are two common methods of testing insulation on high-voltage equipment: ? Direct current high-voltage testing, which measures the current flow through the insulation at 5000 volts and above. ? Medium-voltage testing, which measures the insulation resistance at up to 5000 volts (using a Megger Insulation Tester). Dc high-voltage testing is superior to medium-voltage testing because it stresses the insulation at or above the working level. This gives you more information about the condition of the insulation and helps you predict problems before a breakdown occurs. If you use a high- voltage test, you can have more confidence that the apparatus is in suitable condition to remain in service. High-voltage tests are more complicated to perform, so they cost more than medium-voltage tests. Medium-voltage testing usually tests the insulation at a level below full working voltage. Although it may not detect some problems with the insulation, it is a great deal better than no test at all. Medium-voltage tests are simple ContentsFind AN INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-VOLTAGE TESTING to perform and are less expensive than high-voltage testing. The choice between high and medium-voltage testing depends on the importance of maintaining the apparatus in service without interruption. If the consequences of a failure in service would not be unduly disruptive or expensive, medium-voltage testing may be sufficient. If you need to keep the equipment in service at all times, high-voltage testing is for you. Figure 1: Typical medium-voltage Megger Insulation Testers. The instrument on the left tests up to 5000 Volts with very high megohm sensitivity. The instrument on the right tests up to 1000 Volts. Rev. B November 2002 2-3 ContentsFind 2-4 Rev. B November 2002 Ohm s Law and Insulation Resistance Ohms Law is used to show the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance, as follows: I = V/R (or V= I x R . or R = V/I) where I = Current in Amps V = Voltage in Volts R = Resistance in Ohms Sometimes these equations are given with E (EMF) instead of V as the symbol for voltage. These are general equations that apply to all electrical work. For insulation resistance measurement, you usually want to calculate the insulation resistance when you already know the current, (from reading the output current on the test set), and the output voltage, (you have set it, using the test set voltmeter). The current reading is almost certain to be in micro- amps. The micro-amp is a unit of current that equals the current in amps divided by a million. This is quite convenient, because we can now rewrite the equation: Insulation Resistance = Voltmeter Reading Current Meter Reading where Insulation resistance is given in Megohms Voltage is measured in Volts Current meter reading is given in micro-amps ContentsFind AN INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-VOLTAGE TESTING Rev. B November 2002 2-5 Megohms are millions of ohms. They are the units most commonly used to measure insulation resistance because you dont have to talk about hundreds and thousands of millions of ohms. Sometimes you will also encounter the term gigohm, which is one thousand megohms. Gigohm is a useful term for very high resistances. Time-Dependent Currents and Current Changes in Insulation Testing With some types of equipment, time-dependent currents cause the meter readings to change over a long period of time, making it impossible to obtain an accurate reading in a reasonable length of time. You can overcome this problem by using a test that does not depend on a single reading. Before we tell you about the tests, you should understand why time-dependent currents occur. Please refer to Figure 2. WHAT IS THE UUT? For convenience we have used the term Unit Under Test or UU