LCAudio-Zappulse2_1-pwr-sm 电路图 维修手册.pdf

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1、ZAPpulse 2.1 ZAPpulse 2.1 SE 200 Watt RMS 8 290 Watt RMS 8(SE) Dynamics, Soundstage, natural musical perception, clarity, warmth! ZAPpulse 2.1 og 2.1SE PWM High End Digital Audio Power Amplifier module. Balanced and unbalanced line input, Short Circuit Protection, 4 layer circuit board and controlle

2、d switching slope ensure minimal EMC emissions. Sound quality comparable to the best available analog power amplifiers. ZAPpulse 2.1 ZAPpulse 2.1 SE uses supplies of 35 - 60 V DC and produces 200W RMS8 Ohms, and up to 800 W RMS2 Ohms. runs on 35 - 72 V DC and produces 290 W RMS8 Ohms and more than 1

3、050W RMS2 Ohms. 2.1 SE is equipped with Black Gate VK. L C Audio Technology Ltd. Denmark COOKBOOK P u l s e F i e l d T e c h n o l o g y Credit Card size RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed witho

4、ut written permission from L C Audio Technology. Further information: 2 8 11 14 17 7 20 4 17 6 7 5 3 19 18 19 9 16 12 19 Content. Bridge coupling of 2 ZAPpulse modules Compensated Mode Complete Amplifier, Schematic Cooling Requirement Mechanical Data More ZAPpulse technology Minimum System Passive V

5、olume control Principle of operation Professional use Shopping List Surround System Syncronous Mode Technical Data Input- Output connections Output power Correlation with Supply Voltage Power Supply Connections Switching frequency considerations ZAPpulse 2.1 withActive Crossover L C Audio Technology

6、 Inc.ZAPpulse 2.1 2 RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Principle of Operation. L C Audio Technology ApSL C Audio Technology Inc. In a conventional amplifier the input signal is amplified through various analog stages to a progressively higher amplitude. In the final stages of the amplifier, the output stage, h

7、igh current capability is added to enable the amplifier to drive loudspeaker loads. When current is drawn out of the output stage to the load, heat is dissapated in the output stages, since the load current multiplied with the voltage drop over the output device gives a power value (of average 60% o

8、f the max. output power) that needs to disappate in heatsinks. 60% is not the power loss After the output devices the square wave need to be filtered with a choke and capacitor, to get an analog output signal without noise that can be fed to the loudspeakers. The choke and capacitors quality is para

9、mount in order to get a good sound quality, so we use an oversized (1.5 kW) ultra high speed ferrite core with silver conductor and TEFLON insulator. This choke has a very low impedance of only 5 milli Ohms, and allows for a good damping factor in any speaker load. To get an output signal of say 30V

10、, the output devices are made to switch high 75% of time, and 25% of time low. In this case the Pulse Width is 75%, since the V+ - V- is 120V, the output voltage seen from V- is 75% of 120V = 90V. 90V on top of -60V is 30V, as wanted in our example. Operating from +60V to -60V allows for any output

11、voltage in this range, including 0V. Thus a total DC coupled system for highest possible sound performance. Pulse Width Modulation is often shortened to PWM. A very important stage in a PWM amplifier is the modulator, that can be made i various ways, with different properties. We have selected and o

12、ptimized the balanced integrating type, as it is highly stable, and has very low distortion. at maximum output power, but the average heat disappated at various output power levels (except very small levels below 1W). So a 100 Watt amplifier will averagely need to disappate 60 Watts power into heats

13、inks. The ZAPpulse operates in a different way, the output devices are either on or off with no significant voltage drop, so even when the load draw large amounts of current, there is only minimal power to be disappated. To control the signal amplitude, the pulse width of the output square wave is c

14、ontrolled very accurately. Out Gnd +60V -60V Filter Integrator Differential Comparator Gate Driver Output Stage Output Filter P u l s e F i e l d T e c h n o l o g yGnd + ZAPpulse 2.1 Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed

15、without written permission from L C Audio Technology. 3 RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 L C Audio Technology Inc. 4 More ZAPpulse 2.1 Technology! The heart of the ZAPpulse amplifier is a balanced integrating PWM modulator. It basicly integrated the DC level of on switching cycle of the output stage, includi

16、ng any switching noises, slope differences etc. Then this value is compared, and corrected in the next switching cycle to create an output signal of exactly 0 Volt. This correction is performed every switching cycle, which is about 500.000 times per second. The input signal is injected directly into

17、 the integrator to keep signal paths ultra short. No signal conditioning, such as DC blocking, HF blocking or other limiting factors are present on the ZAPpulse module. So if this is required by your application, you have to add these functions outside the module. When signal is applied to the input

18、, the integrator no longer corrects the output signal level to 0 Volts, but rather to the signal curves. The feedback group delay is kept very low, only around 2 uS, to allow for TIM free operation. The analog integrating feedback loop has a lower group delay of any completely digital (A/D based) fe

19、edback loop. And since output switching noise products are the same no matter the modulator type, the analog feedback loop gives a much better rejection of noise products than a true digital approach. Its all about speed, and how fast the noise can be cancelled. The output square wave has a base fre

20、quency of typ. 500 kHz, and rise times of some 10.000 V/uS. The slopes are minimised to around 50nS to keep switching losses low at heavy speaker loads. However at low signal amplitudes the main power loss comes from capacities in the MOSFETs, so transitions are slowed to reduce EMI, noise and idle

21、loss. This is controlled by the PulseField circuit in the Gate driver. A simple rule says that at no signal, a ZAPpulse loses some 9.5 Watts power to capacities in the MOSFETs, and at full power it loses another 9.5 Watts to serial resistance. So at 500 W out you only have to disappate around 19 Wat

22、ts to the heat sinks. One great advantage PWM amplifiers have over conventional analog amplifiers is, that in the analog amplifier it is difficult to avoid the harmonic distortion products, that are signal dependent, and therefore interacts with sound quality. In the PWM amp, the distortion is non-h

23、armonic, and inde- pendent of signal contents. In sonic performance properties this translates to the PWM amplifiers exceptional ability to expand the sound stage with added sound level. An analog amplifier would typically collapse the soundstage at higher levels, depending on the size of the power

24、supply (why we have huge power supply banks in all our analog amplifiers). The PWM will play with wide and deep sound stage at any lisytening level, even with a very (almost too) small power supply. We have made tests with a 2 x 250 W RMS ZAPpulse amp, running with only two 2200 uF 100V main caps. A

25、nd it still has plenty of bass control, definition, width and depth.Opportunities for interesting experiments in this field are obvious. ZAPpulse 2.1 Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L

26、C Audio Technology. L C Audio Technology Inc. +60V -60V Power GND Power GND OUT 10.000uF 63V 10.000uF 63V Connection of Power Supply. To make ZAPpulse 2.1 work, simply connect a typical Audio Power Supply of +/-35V to +/-60V (+/- 72V for SE version). The output power depends on the voltage of the po

27、wer supply. The 2.1 standard version uses 63V capacitors, on the board, while the 2.1 SE uses 160 V caps. This is why the SE can be made to deliver much higher powers than the standard modules. In the standard version, the sound quality of the main caps must be considered. The midrange and treble so

28、nic properties of these caps, will interact with the overall sound performance of the amplifier, so we recommend using very high quality caps with standard modules. With the SE modules the mid and high frequency performance is fixed at the highest level by the Black Gate VK caps (47 uF 160V). So PSU

29、 caps only need to have good bass props. Always use short and heavy wire between PSU caps and modules ( 4-5 inches). There is no need for huge capacitor banks, 2 pcs. 10.000 uF wil do fine for any normal speaker load. At 2 Ohms load, maybe 2 pcs. 22.000 uF will work perfectly. All energy in the capa

30、citor bank is translated almost lossless to audio power. Practical experiments show that even with only 2200uF these modules will deliver incredible high performance Audio sound. (8 Ohms speakers). ZAPpulse 2.1 ZAPpulse 2.1 +60V -60V Power GND SHORT! SHORT! SHORT! Copying and distribution of this ma

31、terial for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology. 5 L C Audio Technology Inc. The Output power can be calculated as a result of the max. signal amplitude, which depends on the supply voltage. At +/- 60V Supply Volta

32、ge the amp can ideally deliver 120 Vpp. To calculate the output power we need the RMS value, which is simply 120 / 2pi = 120 / 2,82 = 42,6 Vrms (in this example). Output power is then calculated using Ohms Law: P = Output Power RMS U = RMS Voltage (42,6) R = Speaker Impedance (8) You can also bridge

33、 two ZAPpulse modules to get a much higher output power. See how later in this booklet. In this example 223 watts RMS. This was ideal values, in ZAPpulse the practical values are corrected with a serial loss of 1 - 3 VDC depending on load impedance (1 V 8 Ohms). At +/- 60 VDC you will get a practica

34、l output power of: some 210 Watts RMS. See below for output powers at other transformer voltages, and load impedances. Bottom table shows bridge mode ZAPpulse modules operating at very high power! Correlation of Output Power and Supply Voltage. 2 U R Transformer Voltage 2 x 24 V AC 2 x 27 V AC 2 x 3

35、3 V AC 2 x 36 V AC 2 x 40 V AC 2 x 42 V AC 2 x 45 V AC 2 x 50 V AC Transformer Voltage 2 x 24 V AC 2 x 27 V AC 2 x 33 V AC 2 x 36 V AC 2 x 40 V AC 2 x 42 V AC 2 x 45 V AC 2 x 50 V AC : We can NOT guarantee the modules to operate safely with this load.note DC Voltage after Rect. +/- 32 V DC +/- 36 V

36、DC +/- 45 V DC +/- 49 V DC +/- 55 V DC +/- 58 V DC +/- 62 V DC +/- 69 V DC DC Voltage after Rect. +/- 32 V DC +/- 36 V DC +/- 45 V DC +/- 49 V DC +/- 55 V DC +/- 58 V DC +/- 62 V DC +/- 69 V DC P out in 8 Ohms 60 W 78 W 119 W 144 W 180 W 200 W 230 W 286 W P out in 8 Ohms 219 W 286 W 448 W 542 W 682

37、W 758 W 879 W 1100 W P out in 4 Ohms 106 W 137 W 222 W 266 W 340 W 380 W 438 W 548 W P out in 4 Ohms 397 W 526 W 837 W 1019 W 1291 W 1439 W note note P = ZAPpulse 2.1 Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written p

38、ermission from L C Audio Technology. 6 7 L C Audio Technology Inc. Input- and output connections. Different input- and output options shown. +Out +Out +Out -Out -Out -Out +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT Unbalanced input connection. Balanced input connection Pa

39、ssive Volume control 12 3 XLR HUN Chassis plug seen from back side. If you want to ensure stable operation of your amplifier, then avoid input wires to run along with speaker wires, or wires from the transformer (both primary and secondary wires). STRIPLINE STRIP LINE Potentiometer 10k log. Seen fro

40、m front side. ZAPpulse 2.1 Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology. 7 8 L C Audio Technology Inc. Bridging. Thanks to the tru balanced input circuits, it is very simple to

41、 bridge ZAPpulse modules and achieve extreme high output powers. Suitable for PA systems and PRO subwoofers. +Out +Out -Out -Out +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT Short / Heavy Duty Short / Heavy Duty Unbalanced Input Signal. Balanced Inp

42、ut Signal. 12 3 XLR FEMALE Chassis plug seen from back. ZAPpulse 2.1 Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology. 8 L C Audio Technology Inc. 9 Considerations on Switching Fre

43、quency. The Switching frequency is the rate of which the output stage switches high and low with various duty cycle to create the Audio output signal. This frequency has no direct connection to the frequency bandwidth of the amplifier, although there are some dependencies. The Bandwidth of the ampli

44、fier is mainly limited by the output choke, filter cap and speaker load impedance. Typically ZAPpulse 2.1 will have a linear bandwidth to around 180 kHz for full power. The switching frequency can be controlled or as normally left in the free running mode. In this mode the module will run at its nat

45、ural switching frequency of around 490 kHz. In some cases it is useful to control the switching frequency with an external oscillator, and this is possible by simply applying a TTL or sinusoidal frequency of 250kHz - 1 MHz to the Sync. input (see later). If you have 4 - 5 - 8 channels in one enclosu

46、re, switching noise can be reduced this way. Also resolution in the treble range may be slightly improved, by running the amplifier at 1 MHz, instead of 490 kHz. You may also want to experiment with a completely syncronized audio system, where a 1.05 MHz signal is derived from a central 16.9 MHz clo

47、ck, that also controls your D/A converter and CD player transport. NOTE Frequencies below 250 kHz or above 1 MHz may damage the module permanently. Through hole plated wire terminals allow for stable and easy connection of wires up to 12 AWG / 2.5 sqr. These platings connect directly to ground and p

48、ower planes with copper tracks as wide as the entire board. So there is practically no loss in the circuit board. The Black Gate VK caps on this 2.1 SE module enforces perfect midrange and treble reproduction independant of Power Supply Caps sound quality. ZAPpulse 2.1 ZAPpulse 2.1 SE Copying and di

49、stribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology. L C Audio Technology Inc. A ZAPpulse 2.1 module has exactly the same footprint as a normal credit card. ZAPpulse 2.1 ZAPpulse 2.1 SE 500 Watt RMS4Ohms This photo shows the simplicity of a complete amplifier based on ZAPpulse modules. The board in the upper left corner is a DC filter that prevents the transformer from humming in case there is DC on the mains grid. As can be seen there are both balanced and unbalanced input plugs