Anritsu 11410-00276 电路图.pdf

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1、Measurement Methods During network deployment, mainte- nance, and trouble shooting phases, insertion loss can be measured by dis- connecting the antenna and connecting an enclosed short at the end of the transmission line. If a Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is used in the transmis- sion feed line sy

2、stem, it is best to remove the TMA and antenna from the system configuration to perform an insertion loss measurement. It is best to always dis- connect the cable at the same location so the measured data can be compared to the historical data for accuracy and repeatability. Using Site Master, cable

3、 insertion loss can be measured in CABLE LOSS or RETURN LOSS mode. In Cable Loss mode, Site Master automatically consid- ers the signal traveling in both directions thus making the measurement easier for the user in the field. The following section explains the pro- cedure to measure insertion loss

4、in cable loss mode and return loss mode. The measurement setup and equipment required is the same for both modes. Insertion Loss Measurement Methods APPLICATION NOTE Introduction Transmission feed line system performance plays an important role in wireless network coverage. Insertion loss measuremen

5、t is one of the critical measurements used to analyze transmission feed line installation and performance quality. This application note explains how Site Master is used to measure cable insertion loss with different test methods and how to predict the maxi- mum allowable cable insertion loss throug

6、h manual calculations. In wireless communication systems, the transmit and receive antennas are connected to the radio through coaxial cable and/or waveguide transmission lines (Figure 1). Insertion loss measures the energy absorbed by the transmission line in the direction of the signal path in dB/

7、meter or dB/feet. Transmission line losses are dependent on cable type, operating frequency and the length of the cable run. Insertion loss of a cable varies with frequency; the higher the frequency, the greater the loss. Insertion loss measurements help troubleshoot the network by verifying the cab

8、le installation and cable performance. High insertion loss in the feedline or jumpers can contribute to poor system performance and loss of coverage. Measuring insertion loss using Site Master assures accurate and repeatable measurements. SITE MASTER Verify Cable Insertion Loss From Ground Level Fig

9、ure 1. Typical transmission line system Jumper Connectors Main Feeder Antenna Jumper Antenna RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 2 Measuring Insertion Loss Using CABLE LOSS MODE Application Note Required Equipment Site Master Model S11xx, S33xx, or S251x Precision Open/Short, Anritsu 22N50 or Precision Open/Sho

10、rt/Load, Anritsu OSLN50LF Precision Load, Anritsu SM/PL Test Port Extension Cable, Anritsu 15NNF50-1.5C Optional 510-90 Adapter, DC to 7.5 GHz, 50 , 7/16(f)-N(m) Figure 3. Insertion loss measurement setup when TMA is in line. Step 4. Connect the phase stable test port extension cable to the RF port.

11、 Step 5. Calibrate the Site Master at the end of the phase stable test port extension cable. (See the section entitled “Calibrating Site Master with the Phase Stable Test Port Extension Cable” for details.) Step 6. Disconnect the antenna and connect an enclosed precision short at the end of the tran

12、smission line. Step 7. Connect the other end of the transmission line to the phase stable cable of the Site Master. A trace will be displayed on the screen when the Site Master is in continuous sweep mode. Step 8. Press the AMPLITUDEkey and set the TOP and BOTTOM values of the display. In Figure 4,

13、the TOP is set to 2 dB, and the BOTTOM is set to 5 dB. Step 9. Press the MARKERkey. Step 10.Set M1to MARKER TO PEAK. Step 11.Set M2to MARKER TO VALLEY. Step 12.Calculate the insertion loss by averaging M1 (MARKER TO PEAK) and M2 (MARKER TO VALLEY) values as follows: Step 13. Press SAVE DISPLAYand na

14、me the trace using the soft keys and press ENTER.Saving the display is recommended for historical documentation. Saved traces can be used in the future to compare, check or verify changes in the trans- mission feedline performance. Insertion Loss = (M1 dB + M2 dB) 2 = 3.23 + 3.95 = 3.59 dB 2 Procedu

15、re Step 1. Power On the Site Master and press the MODEkey. Step 2. Select FREQ-CABLE LOSSusing the Up/Down arrow key and press ENTER. Step 3. Set the start and stop frequen- cies F1and F2. As an example, F1=750 MHz and F2=850 MHz for a typical cellular frequency band. Insertion Loss Measurement Setu

16、p The insertion loss measurement set up for a typical transmission feed line system is shown in Figure 2. Remove the antenna and connect an enclosed precision “short” at the end of the transmission line. If a Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is in the transmission feed line system, remove the TMA and a

17、ntenna and connect an enclosed short at the end of the transmission line. Insertion loss measurement for a transmission feed line system with a tower mounted amplifier is shown in Figure 3. Figure 2. An insertion loss measurement setup after antenna is removed. Site Master S251C MODEFREQ/DISTAMPLITU

18、DESWEEP 1 56 ENTER 8 MARKER 7 LIMIT 3 START CAL 4 AUTO SCALE SAVE SETUP RECALL SETUP 9 SAVE DISPLAY ESCAPE CLEAR 0 RECALL DISPLAY SYS PRINT . ON OFF RUN HOLD +/- 2 Test Port CableJumperMain Feeder Antenna Jumper Precision Short Antenna Removed Site Master S251C MODEFREQ/DISTAMPLITUDESWEEP 1 56 ENTER

19、 8 MARKER 7 LIMIT 3 START CAL 4 AUTO SCALE SAVE SETUP RECALL SETUP 9 SAVE DISPLAY ESCAPE CLEAR 0 RECALL DISPLAY SYS PRINT . ON OFF RUN HOLD +/- 2 Test Port Cable JumperMain Feeder TMA Jumper Antenna Jumper Precision Short Antenna Removed TMA Removed Tx/Rx RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 In Cable Loss mode,

20、the Site Master automatically considers the signal path in both directions when calculating the cable insertion loss. As such, Cable Loss mode is recommended when making cable insertion loss measurements. 3 Step 7. Connect the other end of the transmission line to the phase stable cable of the Site

21、Master. A trace will be displayed on the screen when the Site Master is in continuous sweep mode. Step 8. Press the AMPLITUDEkey and set the TOP and BOTTOM values of the display. In Figure 5, the TOP is set to 4 dB, and the BOTTOM is set to 10 dB. Step 9. Press the MARKERkey. Step 10.Set M1to MARKER

22、 TO PEAK. Step 11.Set M2to MARKER TO VALLEY. Step 12.Calculate the insertion loss by averaging M1 (MARKER TO PEAK) and M2 (MARKER TO VALLEY) values and dividing by two as follows: Step 13.Press SAVE DISPLAYand name the trace using the soft keys and press ENTER. Calibrating Site Master with the Phase

23、 Stable Test Port Extension Cable The phase stable test port extension cable is used as an extension cable to the test port of the Site Master, and ensures accurate and repeatable measurements. The phase stable cable can be moved and bent while making a measurement without causing errors in the meas

24、urement. When poor quality cables are used as an extension test port cable, large error will be introduced in the measurements when the cable is moved. For accurate results, Site Master should be calibrated at the ambient temperature before making any measurements. The Site Master must be re-calibra

25、ted whenever the setup frequency changes, the tempera- ture exceeds the calibration temperature window or when the test port extension cable is removed or replaced. Connect the phase stable test port extension cable to the Site Master RF Port. The Site Master with phase stable cable combination can

26、be calibrated manually using Open, Short and Load (OSL) precision components (Figure 6), or by using the InstaCal module. Manual calibration is explained here. For the InstaCal procedure, refer to the Site Master user guide. Note: The InstaCal module is not compatible with the Site Master S251C Mode

27、l. Insertion Loss = 2 2 = 3.59 dB M1 dB + M2 dB = 2 2 6.47 + 7.89 Figure 4. Typical Insertion Loss Display in Cable Loss Mode. CL - CABLE LOSS CAL ONLIM ON517 POINTS RECALL M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 2.00 dB 5.00 dB M1:3.23,750.4 MHz M2:3.95,848.4 MHz M3=OFF M4=OFF 750 dBFREQ (MHz)850.0 RL - RETURN LOSS CAL

28、ONLIM ON517 POINTS RECALL M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 4.00 dB 10.00 dB M1:6.47,750.4 MHz M2:7.89,848.4 MHz M3=OFF M4=OFF 750 dBFREQ (MHz)850.0 Figure 5. Typical Insertion Loss Display in Return Loss Mode Measuring Insertion Loss using RETURN LOSS MODE Step 1. Power on the Site Master and press the MODEkey. St

29、ep 2. Select the FREQ-RETURN LOSSusing the Up/Down arrow key and press ENTER. Step 3. Set the start and stop frequencies F1and F2. As an example, F1=750 MHz and F2=850 MHz for a typical cellular frequency band. Step 4. Connect the phase stable test port extension cable to the RF port. Step 5. Calibr

30、ate the Site Master at the end of the phase stable test port extension cable. (See the section entitled “Calibrating Site Master with the Phase Stable Test Port Extension Cable” for details.) Step 6. Disconnect the antenna and connect an enclosed precision short at the end of the transmission line.

31、Application Note RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Figure. Calibrating at the end of the Phase Stable Test Port Extension Cable. Discover Whats Possible SALES CENTERS: United States (800) ANRITSUEurope 44 (0) 1582-433433Microwave Measurements Division Canada (800) ANRITSUJapan 81 (03) 3446-1111490 Jarvis Driv

32、e, Morgan Hill, CA 95037-2809 South America 55 (21) 286-9141Asia-Pacific 65-2822400 Application Note For example: Site Master S331C MODEFREQ/DISTAMPLITUDESWEEP 1 56 ENTER 8 MARKER 7 LIMIT 3 START CAL 4 AUTO SCALE SAVE SETUP RECALL SETUP 9 SAVE DISPLAY ESCAPE CLEAR 0 RECALL DISPLAY SYS PRINT . ON OFF

33、 RUN HOLD +/- 2 RF Out/Reflection Test Port Site Master S11xx/S33xx/S251x Test Port Cable (Optional) Open Short Load Calibration Manual Calibration Procedure Step 1. Power on the Site Master. Step 2. Select the appropriate frequency range. Step 3. Connect the phase stable test port extension cable t

34、o the RF port. Step 4. Press the START CALkey. The message Connect Open to RF OUT port or connect InstaCal module and press ENTER will appear in the display. Step 5. Connect the OPEN precision calibration component to the end of the test port extension cable. Press the ENTER Key. Step 6. The message

35、 Measuring OPEN will appear, and after the measurement Connect SHORT to RF OUT will appear. Step 7. Remove the “open” and connect the “short” precision cali- bration component to the test port extension cable. Press the ENTERkey. Step 8. The message Measuring SHORT will appear, and after the measure

36、ment Connect TERMINATION to RF OUT will appear. Step 9. Remove the “short” and connect the “precision termination” at the end of the test port extension cable. Press the ENTER key. Step 10.The message Measuring TERMINATION will appear. After the measurement, the “CAL OFF” message will change to CAL

37、ON on the upper left-hand corner of the display. Step 11.Remove the precision termination from the text port extension cable. Calculating Transmission Line Insertion Loss Cables have different insertion losses at different frequencies. For example LDF4-40A attenuation at 1 GHz is 0.022 dB/ft (0.073

38、dB/m) and at 2 GHz it is 0.0325 dB/ft (0.107 dB/m). As the frequency increases or the length of the cable run increases, the amount of cable insertion loss increases. To verify cable insertion loss measurements are reasonable, the expected insertion loss can be calculated manually using the followin

39、g procedure: Calculate the estimated worst loss of each component in the transmission line system. Add all the components estimated worst losses together to calculate total insertion loss in the transmission line system. Insertion loss of the =Bottom Jumper Loss transmission system+ Main Cable Loss

40、+ Top Jumper Loss + Connector Losses = 0.408 + 2.3 +0.204 +1.12 = 4.03 dB Compare the measured insertion loss to the calculated insertion loss to verify transmission line performance. The measured cable insertion loss should be lower than the calculated cable inser- tion loss. Summary The preferred

41、method to measure Cable Insertion Loss using Site Master is Cable Loss mode. Cable loss mode automatically considers the signal traveling in both directions and thus makes it easier to measure the cable insertion loss in the field. Measured Insertion Loss should always be com- pared to the calculate

42、d loss to verify accuracy thus assuring transmission line performance. The calculated insertion loss is usually a “worst case scenario”. Cable insertion loss may be difficult to measure on excessivly long or highly lossy cables. When the cable insertion loss is greater than 20 dB, it will be hard to

43、 measure. All trademarks used are the property of their respective owners. Cable Type Cable Attenuati on (dB/ft) Cable Length Insertion Loss (dB) Bottom Jumper LDF4-50A0.0204X20=0.408 Main Cable LDF5-50A0.0115X200=2.30 Top Jumper LDF4-50A0.0204X10=0.204 Number of Connector Pairs Loss per Pair in dB

44、Total Connector Loss (dB) 4X0.28=1.12 Note: For Cable Loss-One Port measurements, Site Master S251C requires only one port calibration. Note: If the phase stable cable is removed from the test port, the calibration is not valid. 11410-00276 Rev. A, Anritsu March 2003, Data subject to change without notice