BIRD APM16 Instruction 电路图.pdf

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1、INSTRUCTION BOOK RF DIRECTIONAL THRULINE WATTMETER MODEL APM16 Copyright 2002 by Bird Electronic Corporation Instruction Book Part Number 920-APM16 Rev. C Thruline and Termaline are registered trademarks of Bird Electronic Corporation RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 I am not blank RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 i

2、Safety Precautions The following are general safety precautions that are not necessarily related to any specific part or procedure, and do not necessarily appear elsewhere in this publication. These precautions must be thoroughly understood and applied to all phases of operation and maintenance. Kee

3、p Away From Live Circuits Operating personnel must at all times observe general safety precautions. Do not replace components or make adjustments to the inside of the test equipment with the high voltage supply turned on. To avoid casualties, always remove power. Shock Hazard Do not attempt to remov

4、e the RF transmission line while RF power is present. Radiated RF power is a potential health hazard. Do Not Service or Adjust Alone Under no circumstances should any person reach into an enclosure to service or adjust the equipment except in the presence of someone who is capable of rendering aid.

5、Safety Earth Ground An uninterruptible safety earth ground must be supplied from the main power source to test instruments. Grounding one conductor of a two conductor power cable is not sufficient protection. Serious injury or death can occur if this grounding is not properly installed. Resuscitatio

6、n Personnel working with or near high voltages should be familiar with modern methods of resuscitation. RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Bird APM-16 RF Directional Thruline Wattmeter ii Safety Symbols This symbol appears on the equipment indicating there is important information in the instruction manual reg

7、arding that particular area. See page 15 for specific cautions. Note: Calls attention to supplemental information Warning Statements The following warnings appear in the text where there is danger to operating and maintenance personnel, and are repeated here for emphasis. WARNING Warning notes call

8、attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in personal injury. CAUTION Caution notes call attention to a procedure, which if not correctly performed, could result in damage to the instrument. WARNING Never attempt to connect or disconnect RF equipment from the transmiss

9、ion line while RF power is being applied. Leaking RF energy is a potential health hazard. WARNING RF voltage may be present in element socket. Keep element in socket during operation. iii Caution Statements The following equipment cautions appear in the text whenever the equipment is in danger of da

10、mage, and are repeated here for emphasis. Safety Statements USAGE ANY USE OF THIS INSTRUMENT IN A MANNER NOT SPECIFIED BY THE MANUFACTURER MAY IMPAIR THE INSTRUMENTS SAFETY PROTECTION. USO EL USO DE ESTE INSTRUMENTO DE MANERA NO ESPECIFICADA POR EL FABRICANTE, PUEDE ANULAR LA PROTECCIN DE SEGURIDAD

11、DEL INSTRUMENTO. BENUTZUNG CAUTION For low reflection measurements, do not rotate the reflected power element to read forward power. Damage to the element or wattmeter could result. CAUTION To prevent damage from battery leakage, remove the battery if the unit will not be used for more than two week

12、s. CAUTION Handle elements with care. Calibration could be disturbed if they are dropped. CAUTION Do not attempt to remove the RF center conductor. This will damage the line section. Bird APM-16 RF Directional Thruline Wattmeter iv WIRD DAS GERT AUF ANDERE WEISE VERWENDET ALS VOM HERSTELLER BESCHRIE

13、BEN, KANN DIE GERTESICHERHEIT BEEINTRCHTIGT WERDEN. UTILISATION TOUTE UTILISATION DE CET INSTRUMENT QUI NEST PAS EXPLICITEMENT PRVUE PAR LE FABRICANT PEUT ENDOMMAGER LE DISPOSITIF DE PROTECTION DE LINSTRUMENT. IMPIEGO QUALORA QUESTO STRUMENTO VENISSE UTILIZZATO IN MODO DIVERSO DA COME SPECIFICATO DA

14、L PRODUTTORE LA PROZIONE DI SICUREZZA POTREBBE VENIRNE COMPROMESSA. SERVICE SERVICING INSTRUCTIONS ARE FOR USE BY SERVICE - TRAINED PERSONNEL ONLY. TO AVOID DANGEROUS ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT PERFORM ANY SERVICING UNLESS QUALIFIED TO DO SO. SERVICIO LAS INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO SON PARA USO EXCLUSIVO

15、 DEL PERSONAL DE SERVICIO CAPACITADO. PARA EVITAR EL PELIGRO DE DESCARGAS ELCTRICAS, NO REALICE NINGN SERVICIO A MENOS QUE EST CAPACITADO PARA HACERIO. WARTUNG ANWEISUNGEN FR DIE WARTUNG DES GERTES GELTEN NUR FR GESCHULTES FACHPERSONAL. ZUR VERMEIDUNG GEFHRLICHE, ELEKTRISCHE SCHOCKS, SIND WARTUNGSAR

16、BEITEN AUSSCHLIELICH VON QUALIFIZIERTEM SERVICEPERSONAL DURCHZUFHREN. ENTRENTIEN v LEMPLOI DES INSTRUCTIONS DENTRETIEN DOIT TRE RSERV AU PERSONNEL FORM AUX OPRATIONS DENTRETIEN. POUR PRVENIR UN CHOC LECTRIQUE DANGEREUX, NE PAS EFFECTUER DENTRETIEN SI LON NA PAS T QUALIFI POUR CE FAIRE. RF VOLTAGE MA

17、Y BE PRESENT IN RF ELEMENT SOCKET - KEEP ELEMENT IN SOCKET DURING OPERATION. DE LA TENSION H.F. PEAT TRE PRSENTE DANS LA PRISE DE LLMENT H.F. - CONSERVER LLMENT DANS LA PRISE LORS DE LEMPLOI. HF-SPANNUNG KANN IN DER HF-ELEMENT-BUCHSE ANSTEHEN - ELEMENT WHREND DES BETRIEBS EINGESTPSELT LASSEN. PUEDE

18、HABER VOLTAJE RF EN EL ENCHUFE DEL ELEMENTO RF - MANTENGA EL ELEMENTO EN EL ENCHUFE DURANTE LA OPERACION. IL PORTAELEMENTO RF PU PRESENTARE VOLTAGGIO RF - TENERE LELEMENTO NELLA PRESA DURANTE IL FUNZIONAMENTO. Bird APM-16 RF Directional Thruline Wattmeter vi About This Manual This instruction book c

19、overs the Bird APM16 RF Directional Thruline Wattmeter. This instruction book is arranged so that essential safety information appears in the front of the book. Reading the Safety Precautions Section before operating the equipment is strongly advised. The remainder of the book is divided into chapte

20、rs and sections. Operation First time users should read Chapter 1 - Introduction, Chapter 3 - Installation, and Chapter 2 - Theory of Operation, to get an overview of equipment capabilities and installation. An experienced operator can refer to Chapter 4 - Operating Instructions. All instructions ne

21、cessary to operate the equipment appears in this chapter. Maintenance All personnel should be familiar with the preventive maintenance found in Chapter 5 - Maintenance. If a failure should occur, the troubleshooting section will aid in isolating and correcting the cause. Parts lists and specificatio

22、ns are also in this chapter Changes to This Manual We have made every effort to ensure this manual is accurate. If you should discover any errors or if you have suggestions for improving this manual, please send your comment to our factory. This manual may be periodically updated. When inquiring abo

23、ut updates to this manual refer to the part number and revision level on the title page. Table of Contents Safety Precautions.i About This Manual .vi Introduction.1 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Theory of Operation.3 Travelling Wave V

24、iewpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Coupling Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Load Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Standing vs. Travelling Waves . . . . . . .

25、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 vs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Low Reflection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Transmitter Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26、. . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Component Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 Frequency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 Impedance Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Installation.13

27、 Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Connecting RF Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Absorption Wattmeter

28、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Operating Instructions.15 Normal Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Load Matching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Maintenance.21 Troubleshooti

29、ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Contact Adjustment . .

30、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 Battery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Zero Adjust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 “QC” Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Instrumentation Module. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Calibration Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Equipment Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33、. . . .24 Calibrating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 Customer Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34、27 Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28 Replacement Parts List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Available “QC” Type Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 1 Chapter 1Introd

35、uction The Bird APM-16 is an insertion wattmeter designed to measure RF power and load match in 50 ohm transmission lines. It has a maximum VSWR of 1.05 for frequencies up to 1000 MHz. The meter provides direct readings in watts with an expanded linear scale for easy reading. The scale is graduated

36、for 25, 50, and 100 full scale. Elements are available in a variety of power and frequency ranges (See the Bird Electronic Corporation Catalog for details). DescriptionThe Bird APM-16 is portable and rugged, with an aluminum housing. For additional protection, the microammeter is specially shock mou

37、nted. Bumpers on the base and back allow the meter to stand or lie flat. Refer to Figure 1 to identify components. At each end of the line section are Bird Quick-Change RF connectors that may be interchanged with any other Bird “QC” connector. The wattmeter housing does not interfere with connector

38、changes. Bird APM-16 RF Directional Thruline Wattmeter 2 Figure 1 Outline Drawing BATTERY DOOR 3-5/8” (92 mm) CALIBRATION ACCESS HOLE INSTRUMENTATION MODULE INSIDE-BACK REMOVED FRONT VIEW METER METER HOUSING QC CONNECTOR POWER SWITCH ELEMENT SOCKET USE ONLY BIRD APM ELEMENTS OFF BAT ON ZERO ADJUST S

39、CREW 6-7/8 (175 mm) 1.75 (45 mm) 4” (102 mm) 3 Chapter 2Theory of Operation Travelling Wave Viewpoint The easiest way to visualize Thruline operation is from a travelling wave viewpoint. In transmission lines the voltages, currents, standing waves, etc., on any uniform line section result from the i

40、nteraction of two travelling waves: !The forward wave (and its power) travels from the source to the load. It has RF voltage Ef and current If in phase, with Ef / If = Zo. !The reflected wave (and its power) originates by reflection at the load and travels from the load back to the source. It has an

41、 RF voltage Er and current Ir in phase, with Er / Ir = Zo. Each wave is mathematically simple and has a constant power: Wf = Watts Forward = Ef2 / Zo = If2 Zo = Ef If Wr = Watts Reflected = Er2 / Zo = Ir2 Zo = Er Ir Zo is the characteristic impedance of a uniform line section. For useful lines it is

42、 usually a pure resistance of 50 ohms. The RF circuit of the Bird APM-16 is a length of uniform air line with Zo = 50 ohms. Coupling Circuit The Bird Plug-In Element contains a coupling circuit that samples the travelling waves. The element circuitry and its relationship to the rest of the Bird APM-

43、16 are illustrated in Figure 2. Bird APM-16 RF Directional Thruline Wattmeter 4 Current is produced in the coupling circuit by the travelling waves in the line section. Both inductive and capacitive coupling contribute to this. Inductive current flows in the direction of the travelling wave, while t

44、he capacitive current is independent of the direction of the travelling wave. Therefore, the inductive current produced by one travelling wave will add in phase with the corresponding capacitive current, while that produced by the wave travelling in the opposite direction will subtract. The additive

45、 or “arrow” direction is assigned to the forward wave. The electrical characteristics of the element are carefully adjusted so that, for the reverse travelling wave, the inductive current will completely cancel the capacitive current. The result is directivity greater than 25 dB. Thus, the element i

46、s sensitive at either of its settings, but to only one of the two travelling waves. Thruline Wattmeter measurements are also independent of position along the transmission line. Like similar diode devices, the Bird APM-16 indicates the carrier component of amplitude modulation, with very little resp

47、onse to side band components added by modulation. Figure 2 Schematic RF Coaxial Line XMTR or LOAD LOAD or XMTR Directional Coupling Detector Element Diode Meter DC Contact Circuit Board Theory of Operation 5 Load PowerFor loads with a VSWR of 1.2 or less, the power dissipated in a load (Wl) is equal (with less than one percent error) to the forward power (Wf). When appreciable power is reflected, as with an antenna, it is necessary to use the exact load power, given by: Wl = Watts into Load = Wf Wr Good load resistors, such as Bird Termaline Loads, will give negligible reflected power. Stand