FLUKE 1543868_6200_ENG_Aw 电路图.pdf

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1、RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Note Although this is a searchable document, care must be taken when copying and pasting. Due to the limitation of the OCR software the contents will appear correct but when copied and pasted into an external document the contents may be incorrect. RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Aut

2、hors:Gert Rietveld CeesvanMullem Cock Oosterman JoopDessens Torsten Funck Par Simonson Hakan Nilsson Karl-Erik Rydler Jan Jacobson MikealOhlsson Eindhoven,TheNetherlands,November1999 3 RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 4 Contents Preface6 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 II 2.1GeneraTinformation 2.2 DC AC ACCurrent AriifaciCa

3、librationDescripiionandDiscussion 4:1bCVoi1:ageBlackBox, OpaqueBoxandGlassBox.Besidestheevaluationofthehardwarefunctions(DCvoltage andlinearity,ACvoltage, ResistanceandCurrent), alsotheevaluationofthefirmwarehas beenincludedintheproject. It consistsofsoftwareevaluationforthedifferenthardware functio

4、ns,thestorageofthecalibrationconstantsandthegeneralfirmwarerequirements ofanautomaticsystem. The aimoftheprojectistoevaluatewhetheraFluke 5700A series/IMulti Function Calibratorisadjustedtowithin its24hours specificationbymaking useoftheArtifact Calibration procedure.Inotherwords:theproject aimstoev

5、aluatethetraceability chain realizedbyArtifact Calibration,sothattheusersofthe Fluke 5700A series/Icali- bratorinaccredited laboratoriesmayutilize this feature. 9 1.2PreviousWork TheNationalMetrologyInstituteofSweden(SP)carriedouta previous study ontheFluke 5700A calibrator. This studyiscomparablewi

6、ththeblack box andopaquebox approach ofthis evaluation (reference 9). Also,themanufacturerhasperformedmany studies. Oneimportantstudy hasbee,n donebyLesHuntleyonthelong-termstabilityofa setof260 calibrators(seereferences 16,17, and 20). The consortiumhasused these studiesduringtheevaluationtoextendt

7、heblackbox approach andthemeasurements onACVoltage. 1.3ProjectSet-up 1.3.1EvaluationApproach FlukehasmadethreeMFCunits availabletotheproject, oneforeachinstitute,These MFCswereexchangedbetweentheinstitutes once. Hence eachinstitutemeasured on twoindividualinstruments. The instituteswereprovidedwithl

8、istings and protocolsofthe firmwareandoperatormanualsasnecessarybackgroundinformationfortheevaluation. The project partners,staffand respective responsibilities were: NMiVan SwindenLaboratoriumB.V,The Netherlands Project coordination: Gert Rietveld, Cock Oosterman, DC+ACCurrent:Ceesvan Mullem! JoopD

9、essens Resistance: Gert Rietveld Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany DCVoltage and linearity: Torsten Funck Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, Sweden ACVoltage: Par Simonson, Karl-Erik Rydler, Hi3kan Nilsson Firmware:JanJacobson, Mikeal Ohlsson Themajoractivity intheprojecti

10、stheverificationofthe24 hours specificationsofthe Fluke 5700A seriesIIMultifunctionCalibrator byperformingmeasurementswithabsolute traceabilitytowardsinternationalmeasurement standards before andaftertheuseofthe ArtifactCalfeture.Toperformthese measurementstheexecuting laboratories have per- formedt

11、hemeasurementswithinthescopeofinternationalwrittenstandardsEN45001 andISOGuide25.Thereforetheapproachforthistechnical evaluationofArtifactCalof theFluke 5700A Calibratorisset up inthreephaseswhichsimulatesascompleteaspossi- bletheevaluationofa laboratory. 1.The black box approachisperformedasanormal

12、ArtifactCalprocedure. The results ontheoutputterminals are comparedwiththespecifications (24 hours! 95%confidence level)asprescribed inthemanuals. Tocompare with laboratory accreditation:Thisapproachiscomparable with the inter-laboratory comparison wherethelaboratorymustperform measurements onaparti

13、cular fieldanddemon- stratethatthe results are within the laboratory accredited Best Measurement Capabilities. Only theoutputresults are compared. 2.The opaque box approachisperformedasa normalArtifactCalprocedurewiththisexcep- tionthattheinputvaluesofthereference standards are giventothecalibratorw

14、ithan offset fromthereal values.AftertheArtifactCal,themeasured valuesattheoutputterminalhave 10 tofollowthis offset, ontheinternal metrological principles, in a predictable way.Withthis extra informationthecalibration methodusedwithintheinstrumentischecked. The opaque box approach especially checks

15、whetherthetraceability chainisasrealizedasexpected. Tocompare with laboratory accreditation:Thismethodiscomparable with the assessmentofthe measurement systeminalaboratory.Theactualsetupischecked, with special attentiontothe traceabillity chains realisedinthe laboratory. 3.The glassboxapproachisperf

16、ormedwiththeknowledgeofwhattheend result must beaspredictedfromthefirmwareandhardwarefunctions.Softwareandhardwareval- uesbrings innewcorrection values(manipulation)and must result inpredictabledevia- tions measured ontheoutputontheterminalsoron specificinternalplacesontheprint- ed circuit boards. T

17、he measured resultswillbe comparedwiththepredicted values (these valuesdonotnecessarily havetobethe24hourspecification). Thisperformancegives a clearviewontheinternalprocedures (onlythetested ones). Also specific tests aredone toconfirmthedetailedfunctionalityand calibrationmethodofthecalibrator. To

18、compare with laboratory accreditation:Thisismethodiscomparable withthedetailed assessmentofthecalibration procedures, containingthetraceability, performedinacalibration laboratory. Thesethreeevaluationapproachestogethershould leadtoan assessmentoftheArtifact Calconcept andtotheconclusiontheinstrumen

19、tmeetsordoesnotmeetits specifications. Atotalmeasurementprogramwas set upwheretheabove tests are includedinthemost effective way. For this reason, an investigationofthetheoreticalapproachofArtifactCal tookplacebeforethemeasurements started. This includes afirmwareevaluationwhere thebasic principles

20、aresplitintofunctionalblocks andwheretherelationtothehard- wareblocksisdemonstrated,includingthemathematicalfunctions(withe.g.thecorrec- tionfunctionsand values). Beside this,thehardwareblocks have been evaluated on criti- calpointswithrespecttotraceabilityand reliability. 1.3.2Evaluation Conditions

21、 Three institutes onthreedifferentlocations in Europe evaluatedtheinstrument.The mea- surements have beenperformedinlaboratoryenvironmentsuchasa cageofFaradayto. reducetheinfluenceofelectromagneticfields. All laboratoriescontroltheenvironmental conditionstosimilar values inordertobe abletocomparethe

22、results. Themainenvironmentalconditionswere: Temperature=(23O,5)OC Humidity= (5020)% Mainpower=230V, 50Hz NotethattheinstrumentisevaluatedunderlaboratoryconditionsO,5CwhiIethecon- ditionsforthetemperatureforthespecificationsis5C.This meansthatthemeasure- mentresultsofthisstudywillbebetterthanifthete

23、mperatureconditionsofthespecifi- cationswereusedduringthestudy. Allmeasurementstandardsorreferences usedtoperformthemeasurements onthe MFCare traceabletoprimaryand/or(inter)nationalmeasurement standards.Allthree institutes are membersofEuromet,wherethequalityofmeasurementisensured via inter-laborato

24、rycomparisons ontheprimaryorsecondary level.Ingeneral all measure- ments areperformedwithhighaccuracy measurementequipmenttoensurethatthecon- tributionoftheused referencehasaminimuminfluencecomparedtothespecificationof theMFC. 11 1.3.3Expected results TheMFCisaninstrumentusedworldwidewithanewapproac

25、htocalibration.Duetothe differentusein accredited andnotaccredited laboratoriestheprojectiscarriedoutto harmonizetheuseandthemaintenanceofthis instrument. Therefore,theconsortium takesintoaccounttherequirementsoftheEN45001 StandardforCalibrationandTesting laboratories.Itisexpectedfromtheprojectthatt

26、heconsortium can give its conclusions ontraceabilityand accuracy bymakinguseoftheArtifactCalibration.Withtheknow- ledgefromtheevaluationitisexpectedthattheconsortiumcangive recommendations fortheuseoftheinstrumentweretheuser canfulfilltherequirementsnotonlynecessary foraccreditationbutalsofora metro

27、logical sounduseoftheinstrument. The consortium expectstogive itsknowledgeand experiencetotheEuropeancoopera- tionforAccreditation (EA). This can leadtoaharmonizationoftheuseoftheinstruments in accredited laboratories. 1.4Projectrestrictions Duringthis project some features andoptionsarenotmeasuredo

28、rinvestigated. The influenceofthemainpowerontheFluke S700Aoutputvalue. 49The influenceoftheenvironmentontheFluke S700Aoutputvalue.Sonostudyisdone oftheinfluenceoftemperature(seealso above intheparagraphIIEvaluation conditions),orhumidity,orexternal (EMC)radiation. .The (long-term) stability, sinceth

29、atisnotdirectly rel-atedtotheArtifactCalconcept. Thewidebandoptionthatcanbe usedtoextendthefrequency range. The FlukeS72SAexternalamplifierthatcan be usedtoextendthevoltageandcurrent ranges. Thetwo-wiremodeoftheresistancefunction,becausefour-wireresistanceismore accurate andthereforemorerepresentati

30、veforthecapabilitiesofthecalibrator. Forthe same reason, alsothetwo-wirecompensation circuitisnotstudied. The auxiliary currentbindingpost. Itshould be realizedthatthemeasurements and tests are takenassamplesofall measure- mentsthatcan beperformedonthecalibrator. However,theconsortiumhaspreparedthe

31、projectwithgreatcare, and selectedthemeasurement and evaluation points suchthat reliable conclusions and recommendations could be given concerningtheArtifactCalcali- brationmethodofthecalibrator. Inaddition,thegroupofthreecalibratorsisa small sampleofthegroupavailable and operationalworldwide.So,mor

32、e testsormeasurements onanothercalibratorcan leadto slightlydifferentconclusions, especiallyifthetests are done in adifferentenvironment. However,theconsortiumhastheopinionthatthereisno reasontobelievethattheresults ofthepresent project shouldnotbe representativeforall Fluke S700A seriesII calibrato

33、rswiththesamehardwareandfirmwareversion. Finally,itisnotedthattheevaluationofthefirmwarenever could be a 100%complete giventhelargeamountofcode. However,thegeneral setupofthefirmwarewasstudied andmorecritical partswerestudied in detail,sothattheessentialpartofthefirmware was covered inthepresent stu

34、dy.Withthis,themain aimofthefirmwareevaluationcould be realized, namelytoincreasetheconfidence inthecorrectfunctioningofthecalibrator. 12 1.5Vocabulary The vocabularyusedin this document arebasedontheinterpretation given inthe Iinternational VocabularyofBasicand GeneralTermsinMetrologi(150-Internati

35、onal OrganizationforStandardizationlSwitzerland19931ISBN92-67-01075-1). Wewanttonotehere explicitythatIcalibration l intheinterpretationoftheVIMmen- tionedabovelinoursituationmeans a comparisonbetweentheunknowncalibratorand another(known)referenceinstrumentorstandard. TheinterpretationintheFlukemanu

36、- alofcalibration meansthatduringthis comparisontheinstrumentinnotonlymeasured butalso adjustedtothenominalvalueifneeded. FurthermorelintheFluke manual and also in thisreportthewordIverification l issome- times used insteadofthemorecorrecttermIcalibration/. Essentiallyverificationissimilar tocalibra

37、tionlwithinadditiontheaimtoverifytheresults against some referenceor expectation (like e.g.thespecificationoftheinstrument). 13 14 Fluke 5700A Series IIcalibrator 2.1Generalinformation The aim ofthemultifunction calibrator Fluke 5700Aistobeusedasreferencestandard forthecalibrationofawidevarietyofele

38、ctricalmeasurementinstruments.Thereare multiple functionsinthecalibrator availableindifferentrangestocover most typesof instruments;DCandACVoltage,DCandACCurrentandResistance. Theinstrumentcan beusedforthecalibration of frequency with low accuracy.Bymaking useofotherfea- turesinthecalibrator, like p

39、hase locking, special functions canbeactivated. Allfunctionsarebuilt intooneinstrument. Thereisanoptionavailableforextension ofthefrequencyrange(Wideband option). Also,anexternal amplifier Fluke 5725A can beusedtoextendthevoltageandcurrentranges. These optionswerenotsubjectofthe presentevaluation. T

40、heinstrumentisequippedwith internalsoftware(firmware)tocontroltheoutput functionbutalsotocarryouttheinternal calibration,theso-called Artifact Calibration. With thisfeature,themanufacturerstatesthattheinstrumentwillbeadjustedwithinthe 24 hours specification by making useofjust 3 standards;one10 Vvol

41、tagereferenceand tworeference resistors(1Qand10kQ). Thesestandardsmustbetraceabletoprimary reference standards.Itisrecommendedbythemanufacturertoperform thisadjustment attheintervalrelatedtothespecificationneeded,withanadditional full verification every 2 years withtraceablemeasurementstandards. For

42、theevaluationofthecalibrator all experts have studiedthesefunctional blocks for theinternaloperationoftheinstrumenttodeterminethetraceability chain. Duringthe measurements, special controlcommandsareusedtocheckandinfluencetheinternal cal- ibration constants. The instrumentsevaluatedinthepresentstudy

43、werethreeFluke 5700A seriesIIcali- brators. Reason for selecting this calibrator,isthatitisclosertotheolder5700A (non- seriesII)calibratorofwhichthousandsareinuseincalibration laboratoriesthanthenew 5720 calibratorthathasthebest specifications. The 5700A seriesIIcalibratorsusedhere hadallregularfunc

44、tions included, exceptforthewidebandoption. Thesoftwareversion is1.0+B+* asisprintedinthecalibrationandcheck reports. The serialnumbersofthe threecalibrators studiedare6450605, 6450606,and6465606. Tohave an efficient evaluation,theworkonthecalibrator was divided followingthe fourmetrological functio

45、ns:DCVoltageandlinearity,ACVoltage,DCandACCurrent, andResistance. Furthermore, firmwareistreatedas aseparate(fifth) function. Eachfunctionisrealized bythecombinationofseveral functional (sub) blocks. Every hardwaremetrological (sub) block contains activeandpassive parts suchasamplifiers, relay switc

46、hesanddigitaltoanalogconverters. Afirmware(sub) blockcontainssoftware procedures, whichinturnuse sub-procedures forthedifferentsub-tasksorsub-functions. Dividingtheinstrumentintofunctional blocksgreatlyhelpedtheevaluation.Itfor examplemadeit easiertocheckthetraceability chainsetup bytheArtifact Cal

47、process, tocheckwhethernon-calibratedelements(blocks)wereusedoncritical partsduringthe calibration,tomakeanoverviewofthetotalfirmware structure, etc. 15 Specifications Theglobalcapabilitiesofthecalibratorare: lIDDCVoltageto11OOV lIDDCCurrentto2,2A lIDACVoltageto1100V,withoutputavailablefrom10Hzto1,2

48、MHz lIDACCurrentto2,2A,withoutputavailablefrom10Hzto10kHz CDResistance in valuesof1x10nQ and 1,9x10nQto100MQ Thetotalspecifications are given in large specification tables and arenotsummarized in thisreport.Thisreportcontainstherelevant specifications given perfunctionalbloJ,so thattheycan be compar

49、edwiththemeasurement results. The specifications inthecalibratormanual are givenforthe95%aswellas99%confi- dence level. Forthemeasurements,the95%confidence levelhasbeen usedasreference, sincethatmost closely compareswiththek=2factorused bynationalmetrologyinsti- tuteswhenexpressingthetotaluncertaintyofmeasurement results. This practice alsois recommended bytheEuropean accreditation organizations (EA). However,theratiobetweenbothspecification levelsisnoteverywhere1,3buton several locationsitissmaller.Basicreasonforthisisthatthefactor1,3onlyappearsfor resultsthathave a