HP-3048A_ops_03048_61004 电路图.pdf

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1、Title A Guided Tour 1-3 Started Required Equipment 1-3 How to Begin 1-3 Setting Up the Measurement 1-4 Running the Measurement 1-9 Evaluating the Results 1-12 Congratulations 1-13 To Learn More 1-13 Designing Your Own Measurement 1-14 Defining a Measurement 1-14 Fast, Accurate, and Flexible; The HP

2、3048A Solution . 1-24 Fast Measurements 1-24 2 C I C/ r In T h i s C h aPt e r 2 _ 1 Oignai OOUrCe The Three Measurement Techniques 2-1 Fundamentals T h e P h a s e L o c k LoP Technique 2-2 The Discriminator Technique 2-2 AM Noise Measurements 2-2 What You Should Understand About the Phase Lock Loo

3、p Technique 2-3 The Phase Lock Loop Circuit 2-3 What Sets the Measurement Noise Floor? 2-7 The Noise Floor of the HP 3048A 2-7 The Noise Level of the Reference Source 2-9 The Measurement Process 2-10 Table of Contents 1 RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 3 Signal Source Measurement Examples 3-1 Stable RF Oscil

4、lator 3-15 Applications Free-Running RF Oscillator 3-28 RF Synthesizer 3-42 Microwave Source 3-60 Designing a Measurement 3-72 Discriminator Measurement 3-95 AM Noise Using an HP 11729C 3-104 AM Noise Using an HP 33330C 3-111 Problem Solving 3-119 Interpreting Display Messages 3-120 Selecting a Refe

5、rence 3-143 Estimating the Tuning Constant 3-147 Tracking Frequency Drift 3-149 Changing the PTR 3-151 Minimizing Injection Locking 3-154 Inserting a Device 3-156 Evaluating Noise Above the Small Angle Line . . 3-159 4 What is Residual Noise? 4-1 WO jhe Importance of Residual Port DeVJC anc* M Noise

6、 Measurements 4-3 . . - Basic Assumptions Regarding rUnaamentaiS Residual Phase Noise Measurements 4-4 Frequency Translation Devices 4-6 Calibrating the Measurement 4-7 Calibration and Measurement General Guidelines . . . . 4-8 The Calibration Options 4-10 Calibration Option 1: User Entry of Phase D

7、etector Constant 4-11 Calibration Option 2: Measured + / - DC Peak Voltage 4-15 Calibration Option 3: Measured Beatnote . . . . 4-18 Calibration Option 4: Double-Sided Spur . . . . 4-21 Calibration Option 5: Single-Sided Spur 4-26 5 Two-Port . Amplifier Measurement Example 5-1 DGVICG Interpreting Di

8、splay Messages 5-8 AppHCatiOnS Inserting a Device 5-32 6 - . . ., In This Chapter 6-1 Evaluating the The Dectory 6_! ReSUltS Evaluating the Results 6-2 Looking For Obvious Problems 6-3 Comparing Against Expected Data 6-3 Gathering More Data 6-7 Outputting the Results 6-10 External Printer 6-10 Exter

9、nal Plotter 6-10 Graphics Functions 6-10 Graphics Demonstration 6-12 Problem Solving 6-16 Discontinuity in the Graph 6-17 High Noise Level 6-19 Spurs on the Graph 6-22 Small Angle Line 6-26 Appendixes Installation Setting UP the system A-I Preparing the Site . A-l Unpacking, Storing, and Shipping th

10、e System A-2 Setting Up the System Hardware A-5 Installing the Computer A-5 Interconnecting Instruments A-9 Loading the System Software A-10 Loading Each Disc A-10 Copying the Discs Into a Winchester Disc Drive . A-11 Making Back-Up Copies A-11 Setting Up the HP-IB Addresses A-11 The Systems Respons

11、e to Address Entry . . . . A-13 Verifying Instrument Addresses A-13 Instrument Addresses A-14 Verifying Operation A-15 1 Getting Started Designed to Meet Your Needs Note The HP 3048A Phase Noise Measurement System is a high performance tool that enables you to fully evaluate the noise characteristic

12、s of your electronic instruments and components with unprecedented speed and ease. The HP 3048A is designed to provide you with the flexibility needed to meet todays broad range of noise measurement requirements. In order to use the HP 3048A effectively, it is important that you have a good understa

13、nding of the noise measurement you are making. This manual is designed to help you gain that understanding and quickly progress from a beginning user of the HP 3048A to a proficient user of the systems basic measurement capabilities. If you have just received your HP 3048A or need help with connecti

14、ng the hardware or loading software, refer to Appendix A now. Once you have completed the installation procedures presented in Appendix A, return to the following page to begin learning how to make noise measurements with the HP 3048A. Getting Started 1-1 As You Begin As you begin to learn about the

15、 HP 3048A, you will find that HP 3048A Operation; A Guided Tour contains a step-by- step procedure for completing a phase noise measurement using the HP 3048A. This measurement demonstration introduces operating fundamentals you should be aware of no matter what type of device you plan to measure. O

16、nce you are familiar with the information in Chapter 1, you will be ready to refer to chapters 2 and 3 for specific information about measuring your signal sources or chapters 4 and 5 for information about measuring two-port devices. After you have completed your noise measurement, you will want to

17、refer to Chapter 6 for help in analyzing and verifying your test results. As You Progress As you become familiar with the operation of the HP 3048A, you will need to refer to this guide less often. There may, however, be times when you encounter problems while running your measurements. Problem solv

18、ing suggestions have been provided at the back of the measurement application chapters (3 and 5) to help you deal with conditions that can prevent the system from completing its measurement. As An Advanced User The HP 3048A offers many advanced operating functions that allow you to further tailor it

19、s operation to fit the special needs of your application. These advanced functions will be fully documented in your HP 3048A Reference Manual. Refer to the reference manual after you are familiar with the basic operating capabilities presented in this manual. 1-2 Getting Started rev.UJUL88 HP 3048A

20、Operation; A Guided Tour Required Equipment How to Begin This measurement demonstration will introduce you to the HP 3048As operation by guiding you through an actual phase noise measurement. You will be measuring the phase noise of the HP 11848As two internal 10 MHz sources. (The measurement made i

21、n this demonstration is the same measurement that is made in Appendix A to verify the systems operation.) As you step through the measurement procedures, you will soon discover that the HP 3048A offers enormous flexibility for measuring the noise characteristics of your signal sources and two-port d

22、evices. The equipment shipped with the standard HP 3048A system is all that is required to complete this demonstration. (Refer to Appendix A if you need information about setting up the HP 3048A hardware or installing the software.) Complete the set up procedures beginning on the next page. The HP 3

23、048A will display a setup diagram that shows you the correct front panel cable connections to make for this measurement. Getting Started 1-3 Setting Up the Measurement r TO MAKE H PHASE NOISE MEASUREMENT: 1) Define the measurement C Press Define Hsrmnt 2) Measure the noise. A. Repeat the previous me

24、asurement. Press Repeat Msrmnt. OR B. Make a new measurement Press New Msrmnt. To describe the system hardware configuration Press System Config To access the latest graph of test results Press Access Graph To load a typical measurement and its graph C Press System Preset To perform advanced-user op

25、erations C Press Spcl. Functn You should be at the Main Software Level to begin this procedure. (If you are not, press the |Done| or Abort softkey.) The Main Software Level menu provides access to each of the HP 3048As main functions. You will always return to this menu when you exit any of the main

26、 function menus. Figure 1-1 illustrates how the main functions are accessed from the Main Software Level, and how you return to the Main Software Level when you exit the selected function. 1. Press the System Preset softkey. This causes the system to automatically load all the parameters required fo

27、r running this measurement demonstration. (You will learn more about entering measurement parameters later in this demonstration.) 1-4 Getting Started Figure 1-1. Example of Menu Accessing Hierarchy 2. Press |Yes, Proceed . 3. Press the New Msrmnt key. 4. Press |Yes, Proceed. The HP 3048A now preset

28、s each instrument that has been listed in the HP 3048As System Configuration table. Getting Started 1-5 The HP 3048A will inform you if it does not receive a response at the HP-IB address specified for a particular instrument. (For information on removing an instrument from the System Configuration

29、table or verifying an HP-IB address, refer to Setting Up the HP-IB Address in Appendix A.) Connecting the RF Cables a 3561R Press Proceed when ready. D I0E30 When the Connect Diagram appears on the display, connect coax cables to the front panel of the HP 11848A as shown in the diagram. NOtG Althoug

30、h not shown, the rear-panel interconnection (SOURCE OUT to NOISE INPUT) described in Appendix A is required. Also, the 50fi Load must be connected to the SPECTRUM ANALYZER OUTPUT when an RF Spectrum Analyzer is not being used. 1-6 Getting Started Checking the Beatnote SPAN 100 000 A: HAG ? 1 dBV 10

31、dB /DIV -B7 START: Hz RANGE: -7 dBV STATUS: PAUSED : , Frequency Domain y. Time Domoin . J f_Z; 0 Hz BH: 954.85 Hz STOP: 100 000 Hz 0-100kHz DEFINE START DEFINE CENTER DEFINE SPAN DEFINE TIME LEN FRQ AXIS LIN LOG Figure 1-2. HP 3561A Display Showing Low Frequency Beatnote in Frequency and Time Domai

32、ns Look at the HP 3561A Dynamic Signal Analyzer and observe the beatnote signal being displayed. You should see the HP 3561A simultaneously display the beatnote in the frequency domain and the time domain, as shown in Figure 1-2. Getting Started 1-7 The beatnote signal is produced by mixing the sign

33、als from the two low-noise 10 MHz sources in the HP 11848As Phase Detector, as shown in Figure 1-3. The frequency of the beatnote signal represents the difference in frequency between the two 10 MHz sources. Press the |lll!MIt|rj| softkey shown on the HP 3048As controller display. Note that you decr

34、ement the HP 3561As display span width each time you press this key. The span width setting is shown in the upper left corner of the HP 3561As display. To increment the span width, press the Shift key on your keyboard and the 3561A Span key at the same time. (In Chapter 3 you will be shown how to us

35、e this capability to set the center frequencies of the input signals to within the tuning range limits of the system.) HP 11848A Figure 1-3. Simplified Block Diagram of Measurement Setup R nninn the * ress Proc:eed when you are ready to run the Measurement measurement. Because you selected the |News

36、Msrmnt| key to begin this measurement, the HP 3048A starts by running the routines required to calibrate the current measurement setup. The following messages will appear on the display as the HP 3048A performs the calibration routines. (You will have ample time to read through the message descripti

37、ons while the HP 3048A completes the routines.) Determining Presence of Beat Note.: An initial check is made to verify that a beatnote is present within the systems detection range of 0.1 Hz to 40 MHz. Verifying zero-beat.: The frequency of the beatnote is measured to see if it is within 5% of the e

38、stimated Peak Tuning Range of the system. The systems Peak Tuning Range is the portion of the voltage-controlled-oscillator (VCO) sources tuning range being used for the measurement. When the HP 3048A measures the phase noise of a signal source using the Phase Lock Loop technique (the technique bein

39、g used in this example) it requires that one of the two sources used in the setup is a VCO. For this measurement, the 10 MHz B source is acting as the VCO source. As you will see later in this demonstration, you will be required to estimate the tuning range of the VCO source you are using when you s

40、et up your own Phase Lock Loop measurements. Getting Started 1-9 Zero beating sources.: The center frequencies of the sources are now adjusted, if necessary, to position the beatnote within the 5% range. The adjustment is made with the tune voltage applied to the VCO source set at its nominal or cen

41、ter position. Measuring the VCO Tuning Constant.: The tuning sensitivity (Hz/V) of the VCO source is now precisely determined by measuring the beatnote frequency at four tune voltage settings across the tuning range of the VCO source. Linearity across the tuning range is also verified. (If you watch

42、 the HP 3561As display, you can observe this process. When the measurement of the VCO Tuning Constant is complete, the HP 3048A will display the measured value at the top of the screen.) Measuring the Phase Detector Constant.: The transfer characteristics (V/rad) of the HP 11848As Phase Detector are

43、 now determined for the specific center frequency and power level of the sources being measured. You will see the measured Tuning and Phase Detector Constants appear at the top of the HP 3561As display along with an approximation of the systems noise floor level derived using the measured Phase Dete

44、ctor Constant value. PLL suppression.: The required correction data is created to compensate for the phase noise suppression which occurs within the bandwidth of the phase lock loop created for this measurement. 1-10 Getting Started When the HP 3048A has completed the calibration procedures, it will

45、 lock the loop and begin its noise measurement. The Out of Lock light on the front panel of the HP 11848A turns off after the loop has been tested to verify phase lock. Sweep-Segments When the HP 3048A begins measuring noise, it places the noise graph on its display. As you watch the graph, you will

46、 see the HP 3048A plot its measurement results in frequency segments. The HP 3048A measures the noise level across its frequency offset range by averaging the noise within smaller frequency segments. This technique enables the HP 3048A to optimize measurement speed while providing you with the measu

47、rement resolution needed for most test applications. Out of Lock Detection Before and after the HP 3048A measures each frequency segment, the system verifies that its Out of Lock Detector has not been set. If the detector has been set, the HP 3048A will alert you by stopping the measurement and plac

48、ing an error message in its display. (The Problem Solving sections included in the Measurement Applications chapters of this manual will help you interpret the error messages and will provide you with recommended actions for correcting the problem and continuing your measurement.) Getting Started 1-

49、11 Evaluating When the HP 3048A has completed the noise measurement, the Results t n e graphics softkeys will appear at the bottom of its display. You will find that these keys access powerful graphics capabilities to help you with your analysis and presentation of the measurement results. (Rirther details and demonstrations of these capabilities are provided in Chapter 6 of this manual.) When you look at the measurement resul