Korg_EX-8000_Module_Service_Manual电路图.pdf

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1、PROGRAMMABLE POLYPHONICSYNTHEMODULE EX-8000 SERVICEMANUAL CONTENTS 1.SPECIFICATIONS1 2.MIDIIMPLEMENTATION2 3.STRUCTURALDIAGRAM11 4.BLOCKDIAGRAM.14 5.CIRCUITDIAGRAM15 6.P.C.BOARD24 7.CIRCUITDESCRIPTIONSo.32 8.ADJUSTMENTPROCEDURES.40 9.PARTSLIST.42 KORGINC. TOKYO/JAPAN Scan by Manual Manor RadioFans.C

2、N 收音机爱 好者资料库 1.SPECIFICATIONS Voice OSC1 OSC2 Autobend Noise VCF VCFEG VCAEG MG Bend Portamento Digitaldelay 8voice Octave(16,8, 4),Waveform(1 16),Leveladjustment Octave(16,8,4),Waveform(1 16),Interval(Unison,Minor3rd, Major3rd,Perfect4th,Perfect5th), Detune(25centsMAX),Leveladjust ment Select(OFF,O

3、SC1,OSC2,Both), Mode(UP/DOWN),Time,Intensity Leveladjustment(Whitenoise) Cutofffrequency,Resonance, Keyboardtrack(0,1/4,1/2,1),EG polarity(#j)rEGintensity Attacktime,Decaytime,Breakpoint level,Slopetime.Sustainlevel,Release time,Velocitysensitivity Attacktime,Decaytime,Breakpoint level,Slopetime,Sus

4、tainlevel,Release time,Velocitysensitivity Waveform(A,K,A,JL), Frequency,Delaytime,OSCintensity, VCFintensity Max.OSCbend(1octave),VCF bendON/OFF Portamentotime Time(approx.4512ms),Factor (x0.51.0),Feedbacklevel, Modulationfrequency(max.10Hz), Modulationintensity.Effectlevel AftertouchOSCMG,VCF,VCA

5、KeyassignPOLY1,POLY2,UNISON1, modeUNISON2 MIDIReceivechannel(ch116), ENABLE(NOTEDATA/ALL),OMNI (ON/OFF),Arpeggioclock,Key windowbottom,Keywindowtop, MIDIdatatransfer Volume Tune Programmer Display Tapeinterface Inputjacks Outputjacks Tapeswitch Writeswitch MIDIjacks Power consumption Powersupply Wei

6、ght Dimensions Accessories (0max.) 50cents,toneswitch PROGRAM/PARAMETERswitches. Numberselectbuttons(18), WRITEswitch,BANKHOLDswitch Programnumber.Parameternumber, Parametervalue Save,Load,Verify,Cancel FROMTAPE(HIGH/LOW) Output(R,L/MONO,HIGH/LOW), PHONES,TOTAPE ENABLE/DISABLE ENABLE/DISABLE IN,OUT,

7、THRU 31W Localvoltage 7.5kg 430(W)x412.5(D)x90(H)mm ACpowercord,Connectioncord. Datacassette,Programcard,Rack MountAdapter Scan by Manual Manor RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 2.MIDIIMPLEMENTATION 1.TRANSMITTEDDATA i.Channelijmsages (a)PROGRAMCHANGE STATUS 1100nnnn SECOND 0ppPPPPP THIRDDESCRIPTION PROGRAMCH

8、ANGE ppppppp-0-63 *nnnn=015:channelnumberspecifiedbyparameter84. NOTE:1.PROGRAMNUMBER(Oppppppp)correspondtoDISPLAYNUMBERonthePANELwhichwillbethe following: DISPLAYNUMBER #11 #12. PROGRAMNUMBER 0 1 #87- #88- 63 2.Systemexclusivemessages (a)DEVICEID 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 BYTE 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 n 0

9、 0 0 0 n 0 1 0 1 n 1 1 0 0 n 1 1 DESCRIPTION EXCLUSIVESTATUS KORGID42H FORMATID3H(-ch) EX-8000|D03H EOX *nnnn=015:channelnumber(channelprovisions withinSystemExclusiveMessages)specifiedbypara meter84. NOTE:2.IfDEVICEIDREQUEST,DEVICEIDmessage willbesent. (b) 1 0 0 1 DEVICEID 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 REQUEST B

10、YTE 1 0 0 1 0 0 n 0 0 0 n 1 0 1 n 1 0 0 n 1 DESCRIPTION EXCLUSIVESTATUS KORGID42H FORMAT!D4*H(ch) (NOTE6) EOX *nnnn=015:channelnumber(channelprovisions withinSystemExclusiveMessages)specifiedbypara meter84. c) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 DATADUMP 1 1 0 0 1 V V 1 1 0 1 0 0 V v 1 BYTE 1 0 1 0 0 V V 1 0 0 n 0 0 V

11、V 0 0 0 n 0 0 V V 1 0 1 n 1 0 V V 1 0 0 n 1 0 V V 1 DESCRIPTION EXCLUSIVESTATUS KORGID42H FORMATID3*H(-ch) EX-8000ID03H DATADUMP40H DATA51BYTES (SeeEX-8000BITMAP) EOX *nnnn-015:channelnumber(channelprovision withinSystemExclusiveMessages)specifiedbypara meter84. NOTE:3.IfDATADUMPREQUESTisreceived, D

12、ATADUMPwillbesent. -2- Scan by Manual Manor RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 (d) 1 0 0 0 0 1 DATA 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 DUMP BYTE 1 6 1 0 1 1 0 0 n 0 0 0 REQUEST 0 0 n 0 0 1 0 1 n 1 0 1 0 0 n 1 0 1 DESCRIPTION EXCLUSIVESTATUS KORGID42H FORMATID3H. DESCRIPTION NOTEOFF(NOTED velocitywillbeignored. NOTEON(NOTED

13、 vwww-1-12715STEPS) NOTEOFF(NOTED OSCMODULATION (5BITSRESOLUTION) VCFMODULATION (5BITSRESOLUTION) VOLUME (7BITSRESOLUTION) DAMPERPEDALOFF DAMPERPEDALON PORTAMENTOOFF PORTAMENTOON ALLNOTESOFF OMNIMODEOFF (ALLNOTESOFF) OMNIMODEON (ALLNOTESOFF) 4ALLNOTESOFF) 4ALLNOTESOFF) PROGRAMCHANGE(NOTE2) AFTERTOUC

14、H (6BITSRESOLUTION) PITCHBENDERCHANGE LSBwillbeignored. MSBwillberecognized, (bbbbbbb-64:CENTER) nnnn=015: Channelnumberspecifiedbyparameter84.WhenthemodeisOMNION,allthedatawillbereceived.Whenthemodeis OMNIOFF,onlydata ofthechanneldesignatedbytheparameterwillbereceived.AstoMODEMESSAGE,however, desig

15、natedchanneldataonlywillbereceivedevenifthemodeisOMNION. NOTES:1.NOTENUMBER(Okkkkkkk)=24*108.Ifdataoutsidethisrangeisreceived,thedatawillbetransposedtothe samenoteonthenearestoctave.Ifkeywindowparameter87and88arespecified,thedatawillbecharged accordingly. 2.PROGRAMNUMBER(Oppppppp)063.Ifthedataislarg

16、erthan63,itwillberecognizedasanumberthat has64subtractedfromit. 2.Systemexclusivemessages 4a)DEV1CEDID b)DEVICEIDREQUEST (cjDATADUMP d)DATADUMPREQUEST TheabovesystemexclusivemessagesarethesameasTransmittedData.Refertopage2. (e)WRITECOMPLETED 0 b4-bO b5-bO b4-bO b1-bO bO b4-bO b4-bO b4-bO b4-bO CORRE

17、SPONDINGPANELVALUE 00=1601=810=411-INHIBIT 0000-1111-1-16 00000-11111=0-31 00=OFF01-OSC110-OSC211=BOTH 0-UP1-DOWN 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00=1601=810 =411=INHIBIT 0000-1111=1-16 00000-11111=0-31 000=1001=-3010=3011=4100= 5 101-111-INHIBIT 000-110=0-6111=INHIBIT 00000-11111=0-31 000000-1111

18、11=0-63 00000-11111=0-31 00=(0)01=1(1/4)10=2(1/2)11=3(1) 0=1(/K1-20 b2-bO bi-bO b4-bO 64-bO b4-bO b4-bO b3-bO bO b2-bO b3-bO b3-bO b4-bO b4-bO b3-bO b4-bO b1-bO bi-bO b1-bO CORRESPONDINGPANELVALUE 00000-11111*0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 000-111=0-7 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00000-

19、11111-0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 000-111=0-7 0=1(01=2(N)2=3(x1)3=4(JL) 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 00000-11111=0-31 0000-1100=0-121101-1111=INHIBIT 0=0FFSET 13 14 BIT b1-DO b5-bO CORRESPONDINGPANELDISPLAY/MEMORY 00-POLY1O1-POLY210tJNISON111=UNISON2

20、 000000-111110-0-62(7.14,15,21,22,23,31,39,47,-INHIBIT) Scan by Manual Manor PARTNO. A B C D E SCREWSftNUTS FEBZMC3x8 TP2GFBZMC3x8 VNZMC7 TP2GBZMC3x8 TP2GBBZMC3x8 PARTNO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. PARTNAME PANEL LEDDISPLAYCOVER P.C.BOARD P.C.BOARD P.C.BOARD POWERSW P.C.BOARD P.C

21、.BOARD FRONTCHASSIS POWERSWKNOB ROTARYVRKNOB TACTSWKNOBBLKNO.4 TACTSWKNOBKT-8 TACTSWKNOBRED QTY 10 2 3 1 2 PARTCODE 64072900 63002100 34076500 34076500 34076400 37507800 34076400 34076500 64073000 62011100 62015200 62015100 62011000 62011202 00 30 | I Scan by Manual Manor PARTNO. A B C D E SCREWSftN

22、UTS FEBZMC3x8 2MC4 TP2GFEWZMC3x8 TP2GBBZMC3x8 FEFEWBZMC4x10 QTY 13 4 11 6 4 PARTNO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. PARTNAME P.C.BOARD MTLFITTINGOFP.C.BRDA SHIELDINGSHEET P.C.BOARD SHIELDINGSHEET P.C.BOARD LOWERCASE RUBBERFEET P.C.BOARD SPACER P.C.BOARD INLETSOCKET POWERTRANSFORME

23、R P.C.BOARD NAMEPLATE PARTCODE 34066200 64072500 63002600 34077100 63001600 34077500 64073200 50008700 34076400 54011600 34076200 54010900 40009200 34076300 68600700 Scan by Manual Manor PARTNO. A B SCREWS TP2GBZMC3x8 FEBZMC3x8 PARTNO. 1. 2. PARTNAME UPPERCASE LOWERCASE QTY 8 4 PARTCODE 64073100 640

24、73200 Scan by Manual Manor PANEL SWITCHES LEO DISPLAY TAPfc INTERFACE FROM TAPE 66TO TAPE MIDI INTERFACE INOUTTHRU ROM 16K) RAM 2M2) CPU HO63BO3X WF1 WF2 OSC PITCH OSC2 PITCH DWGS SIG1-1 CLOCK CIRC. Vrel. velocity SENSE CIRC. TIME FEEDBACK EFFECTLEVEL NJM2069B MIXEK MG qsciicMaciRc RESONANCE MPX VCF

25、 NOISELEVEL fC-1 VCA VCALEVEL-1 MIX DIGITAL DELAY FACTOR MPX *|TUNE Rvalueeditor SVOLUME MUTING CIRC. OUTPUT -OL/MOWO OR HEAD PHONE AMP. CD 6 o I MD(L) PHONE LINE .CONTROLLINE Scan by Manual Manor 5.CIRCUITDIAGRAM KLM-771 C67 0.001. R64. IC4O0 S-8054MT 150IC IC60 HB62H133 74S189xiO 0.047CCHS 1C53 A2

26、02 04HyPff10 -a IC51 A1 A2 A352 i04- otnJ lR22 .047TIOOQ Cf9tr AO A6 R100 Scan by Manual Manor KLM-771 IC9 4S221P 1C22 74LiFG KLM-767 r PANEL2SLIDESW. Scan by Manual Manor KLM768PANELSLEO.SW s 15 LED2 PROG.HPROG.L LN524RA*3 LED3 PARA.MPARA.L LED4 VALUE.WVALUE.L J eie T o fe 660*16 45- -4 -S -6 -7 6

27、11 12 i;-13 -IS ?# ftP-12-8A-12 gfi 10KBt 0.01MCE C1ooijia 7B-1 100U/I6V 2SC278$x3 KLM766 PANEL1 MUTE,H.BAMP WRITE 02TAP- POLY2 sws TUNE SW1 fta-i-i mi DOWN PROO PARA |8A-10 WRITE BM-XU DIODESNOTSPECIFIED:1S1555or1S2473 f-?1,-fe1.?V Scan by Manual Manor 6.RC.BOARD KLM-763 ACTION, FORCONTINUEDjMEMETY

28、PE PROTEC AGAI RISK0! REPLACE WITHSAME TYPEFUSE KLM-763 fI ION UTILISERUN OERECHANGE A I KLM-762 1 r Scan by Manual Manor KLM-662 _oc-96- Scan by Manual Manor KLM-771 -27- -28- Scan by Manual Manor KLM-767 -29- Scan by Manual Manor Scan by Manual Manor Scan by Manual Manor 7.CIRCUITDESCRIPTIONS 1.Ha

29、rdware: NAM*; CPU63B03X8bit, 2MHz) ROM27128(N-MOS 16KB) RAM16116(C-MOS 2KB) RAM26116(C-MOS 2KB) SoundsourceDWGS WavetableROM 613256 DESCRIPTION. Systemprogram, datatable Tonedata,backup Systemuse 2DCOx8voice (256Kbitx4)16 Waveforms PCBOARD KLM-771 KLM-771 KLM-771 KLM-771 KLM-771 KLM-771 PCBOARD KLM6

30、2 KLM-771 KLM-775 KLM-762/763 KLM-764 KLM-765 KLM-766 KLM-768 NAME VCF,VCA,noisecircuit,8-voicemixer Maincircuit(DWGS) Digitaldelaycircuit,stereoampcircuit Powersupplycircuit Rearjack Frontjack Mute,headphoneamp 7-segmentLEDs,switchmatrix 2.Memorymap 0000H 001FH 0040H OOFFH 3000H 3800H 4000H 4008H 4

31、010H 4018H 4020H 4040H 4060H Internal Register InternalRAM RAM(Backup) 16K RAM 16K(IC37) SW LS139(IC18) DWGS MB62H133 DAC ,4.S189),the 8-bitD/AconverterIC42(DAC-08),decoderchipsIC50, IC59(LS244),KLM-662IC16(LS175),IC14,IC15 (LS138),aswellasS/Hanalogswitches(IC17IC20;4066) andOPAMPS(IC21HC25;072). IC

32、60(MB62H133)isa64-pinLSIwithabout800gates handlingmajoraspectsofthesystemincludingtheCPU interface,timinggeneration,andadder. CPU BUS 1 1 PAR c r_ c c CPUI )1 NTER - PAI FACE| 1 ADDER J1 DECODER WAVETABLE D/A S/H | | 1 1- .IC6 74LS189x10 IC48-ICS7 -IC60I62H133) IC47 64H129) 64KR0M IC43IC46 -DAC-08 -

33、HC138+4066+072 I # 1 i , ?* 1 16OSCILLATOROUTPUT 1% 1 4 -36- Scan by Manual Manor MB62H133TERMINALNAMES PinNo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Type Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Powersupply Input Input Input Input I

34、nput Input Term AO A1 A2 A3 A4 DO D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 vss D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 PinNo. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 Type Input Input Input Input Output Output Output Output Output Powersupply Output Output Output Output Output Output Output Output Output Ou

35、tput Bus Term CS WR RST CLK SHEN VN3 VN2 VN1 VNO VDD RAMC WFW PAIW PAIS PARW PARS WFG OCT2 OCT1 OCT0 DB19 PinNo. 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Type Bus Bus Bus Bus Powersupply Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Powersupply Term DB18 DB17 DB16

36、 DB15 vss DB14 DB13 DB12 DB11 DB10 DB9 DB8 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DBO VDD IC47(MB64H129)isusedmainlyforwavetableROMad dressdecoding;itisa40-pinLSIhavingabout400gates. MB64H129TERMINALNAMES PinNo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Type Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Powersu

37、pply N.C. Jnput Input Input Term DBO DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 DB8 vSs DB9 DB10 DB11 PinNo. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Type Input Input Input Input Input Input N.C. Output Output Output Output Output Output Term OCT0 OCT1 OCT2 WFG FNG RST CEC CEB CEA AO12 AO11 AO10 PinNo. 28 29 30 31 3

38、2 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Type Output Output Powersupply N.C. Output Output Output Output Output Output Output Output N.C. Term AO9 AO8 VDD AO7 AO6 AO5 AO4 AO3 AO2 AO1 AO0 IC43-IC46(HN613256)storedigitallyencodedhar monicwaveformsoftheharmonics2,5,10,20,40,80, 160and320. Hereawaveformincludingthe320

39、thharmonicrefersto additionofthesinevalue320timesataparticularphase. -37- Scan by Manual Manor CPU63B03X PINCONFIGURATIONBLOCKDIAGRAM MP.E pGi 63B03X iDwR 13o, EQd jEDd7 Oa, 3a, SIa! As E3a. 33A, Ela, 5)Panelswitchscanning Insimilarfashiontokeyboardscanning,2-bitaddresses intherangeA0A1aredecodedbyt

40、headdressdecoder LS1139(IC18)andsuppliedtotheswitchmatrix.The outputgoestooctalbufferHC240(IC16)(thesameas usedbythekeyboard)andispassedtothedatabus. 6)LEDDisplay TheLEDdisplayissoftwarecontrolled.LatchHC374 (IC22,IC24)takesLCDdisplaydatafromtheD0-D7 8-bitdatabustooperateLEDdrivers54513and54562. 7)D

41、igitaldelay TheKLM-775boardhasitsowndedicateddelaygate array,/xPD65010CW-113.Thedelaycircuitcomprisesthis gatearray,64KBdynamicBAMx2,ADC,DAC,and analogcompander.Thedelaytimecanbespecified. CPU Port P20 P21 P22 P27 RX TX P25 P26 P52 P53 P57 P60 P61 P62 P63 P64 P65 P66 P67 63B03XSTATEOFPORT Pin 9 10 1

42、1 16 12 13 14 15 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 function VelocitySens.Control3Bit VelocitySens.Control2Bit VelocitySens.Control1Bit VelocitySens.Control0Bit MIDIRX MIDITX TAPEOUT TAPEOUT A/DCompare +5 TAPEIN DWGSFREQ.DATAD15 DWGSFREQ.DATAD14 DWGSFREQ.DATAD13 DWGSFREQ.DATAD12 DWGSFREQ.DATAD11 DWGSF

43、REQ.DATAD10 DWGSFREQ.DATAD9 DWGSFREQ.DATAD8 Scan by Manual Manor UPD6510CW-113TERMINALNAMES PinNo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 PinName HOLD RST1 RST2 SPON STRT X1 PRSR 256K O9 D8 TCO TE13 TMOD MTEN MUTB MUTE SHB SH DATA DO11 OO10 DO9 I/O C) 0 0 0 0 1 0 o 0 PinNo. 23 24 2

44、5 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 PinName DO8 DO7 DO6 DO5 DO4 DO3 DO2 DO1 DO0 GND WR3 WR2 WR1 A7 A4 A3 A5 A2 A6 A1 RAS I/O o o o o 0 o 0 o o ov 0 0 0 o o o o o 0 o o PinNo. 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 GO 61 62 63 64 PinName A0 WR0 103 102 CAS OEO 101 104 OE1

45、 OE2 OE3 DO D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 CLK VDD I/O O O I/O I/O 0 O I/O I/O O O 0 +5V PINCONFIGURATION 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 -49 48 47 -46 45 44 -43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 -39- Scan by Manua

46、l Manor 8.ADJUSTMENTPROCEDURES PARAJMEMORY POLYIPOLYIPOLYI POLYIPOLYI OSCIect level 13 AJENDd. IH mode 15 Te im in oscaoct K 1/6JTP2.7K 1/6JTP3.3K 1/6JYTP3.6K 1/6JTP4.7K KLM-763 KLM-764 KLM-771 KLM-762 KLM-768 KLM-762 KLM-765 KLM-766 KLM-771 KLM-766 KLM-765 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-766 KLM-771 KLM-766 KL

47、M-771 KLM-776 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-766 KLM-775 KLM-775 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-776 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-765 KLM-771 KLM-775 OTY 2 7 3 1 1 1 1 16 4 1 6 14 3 2 1 2 11 1 2 1 4 3 4 2 2 17 1 1 1 1 2 24 2 8 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 17 1 4 6 PARTS CODE 10416451 10416456 10416

48、462 10416468 10416475 10416491 10416510 10416511 10416512 10416513 10416515 10416516 10416518 10416520 10416522 10416527 10416530 10416533 10416539 10416547 10416568 10416610 10416615 10416620 10416622 10416633 PARTSNAME SPECIFICATIONS 1/6JTP5.1K 1/6JTP5.6K 1/6JTP6.2K 1/6JTP63K 1/6JTP7.5K 1/6JTP9.1K

49、 1/6JTP10K 1/6JTP11K 1/6JTP12K 1/6JTP13K 1/6JTP15K 1/6JTP16K 1/6JTP18K 1/6JTP20K 1/6JTP22K 1/6JTP27K 1/6JTP30K 1/6JTP33K 1/6JTP39K 1/6JTP47K 1/6JTP68K 1/6JTP100K 1/6JTP150K 1/6JTP200K 1/6JTP220K 1/6JTP330K P.C. BOARD KLM-662 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-765 KLM-766 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-766 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-766 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-662 KLM-766 KLM-771 KLM-775 KLM-662 KLM-771 KLM-775 KLM-766 IDENTI